Kontrola trzeźwości przez pracodawcę, a ochrona danych osobowych

przez

kontrola trzeźwościW ostatnim czasie wprowadzono do Kodeksu pracy zmiany przyznające pracodawcom szereg dodatkowych uprawnień. Jednym z nich jest prewencyjna kontrola trzeźwości pracownika, której dopuszczalność budziła dotychczas wątpliwości prawne. Jeżeli pracodawca zdecyduje się na wprowadzenie kontroli trzeźwości w zakładzie pracy, będzie musiał jednak przestrzegać w tym zakresie przepisów o ochronie danych osobowych. W tym przypadku musi przygotować odpowiednią dokumentację.

Kto podlega badaniu trzeźwości

Po nowelizacji przepisów badaniu trzeźwości podlegać mogą nie tylko pracownicy pracujący stacjonarnie, lecz również ci, którzy świadczą pracę w sposób zdalny. Zakres stosowania tych przepisów obejmie nie tylko pracodawców i pracowników w rozumieniu Kodeksu pracy. Przepisy dotyczące kontroli trzeźwości stosuje się bowiem odpowiednio również np. do zleceniobiorców czy osób samozatrudnionych współpracujących z danym pracodawcą.

Przeprowadzanie kontroli trzeźwości

Możliwość prowadzenia prewencyjnej kontroli trzeźwości należy wprowadzić przepisami wewnątrzzakładowymi. Jeżeli pracodawca nie jest objęty układem zbiorowym pracy lub nie jest obowiązany do ustalenia regulaminu pracy, kontrolę trzeźwości ustala w obwieszeniu. Wprowadzenie takiej kontroli trzeba uzasadnić zapewnieniem ochrony życia i zdrowia pracowników lub innych osób lub ochrony mienia. Przepisy wewnętrzne powinny wskazywać grupę pracowników objętych kontrolą, sposób oraz czas i częstotliwość jej przeprowadzania. Kontrolę należy tak zorganizować, aby nie naruszała godności oraz innych dóbr osobistych pracownika, np. jego prawa do prywatności. Kontrole trzeźwości należy prowadzać przy użyciu metod niewymagających badania laboratoryjnego za pomocą urządzeń posiadających ważny dokument potwierdzający np. jego kalibrację. Przeprowadzanie kontroli trzeźwości powinno się odbywać bez osób trzecich. Pozytywny wynik kontroli jest informacją o zdrowiu, której ni można ujawnić przypadkowym osobom trzecim.  Badanie przy współpracownikach może mieć także wpływ na zmianę zachowania wobec osoby kontrolowanej (zaczepki, wyśmiewanie czy poniżanie). Co z kolei można uznać za naruszenie jej dóbr osobistych.

Powierzenie przeprowadzenia kontroli trzeźwości przez podmiot zewnętrzny

Kontrolę trzeźwości pracowników można zlecić także podmiotowi zewnętrznemu, np. zewnętrznej firmie ochroniarskiej. Powierzenie takie wiązać będzie się z koniecznością zawarcia z podmiotem przetwarzającym dane osobowe umowy powierzenia przetwarzania danych. Ze względu na przetwarzanie danych dotyczących zdrowia pracowników (danych szczególnych kategorii), a w konsekwencji, wyższe ryzyko naruszenia praw i wolności osób w przypadku naruszenia, standardem powinno być zastosowanie procedury oceny wyboru podmiotu przetwarzającego, która wykaże, czy podmiot przetwarzający zapewnia bezpieczeństwo powierzonych mu danych.

Przetwarzanie danych w związku z kontrolą trzeźwości

Zgodnie z przepisami Kodeksu pracy, pracodawca przechowuje dane osobowe związane z kontrolą trzeźwości w pracy w zakresie

  • daty, godziny i minuty badania trzeźwości,
  • wyniku wskazującego na stan po spożyciu alkoholu albo stan nietrzeźwości

Przetwarzanie tych danych będzie możliwe wyłącznie w przypadku, gdy jest to niezbędne do zapewnienia ochrony określonych w ustawie dóbr – tj. życia i zdrowia pracowników, innych osób lub ochrony mienia.

Przechowywanie danych z badania kontroli trzeźwości
  • przez okres 12 miesięcy od dnia ich zebrania,
  • do czasu uznania kary porządkowej za niebyłą, jeżeli taką nałożono z uwagi na obecność alkoholu w organizmie,
  • do czasu prawomocnego zakończenia postępowania, w którym te informacje mogą stanowić lub stanowią dowód, jeżeli takie postępowanie zostało wszczęte, a pracodawca jest stroną tego postępowania lub otrzymał wiadomość o wytoczeniu powództwa lub wszczęciu postępowania.

Pracodawcy będą mogli przechowywać te informacje w aktach osobowych pracownika. Po upływie dozwolonego okresu pracodawca musi je usunąć.

Informacja o trzeźwości zawiera informacje o stanie zdrowia osoby, które traktowane są jako dane osobowe szczególnej kategorii w rozumieniu przepisów o ochronie danych osobowych (art. 9 RODO). Przetwarzanie takich danych, co do zasady jest zakazane. Jednak przepisy RODO przewidują taką możliwość, jeżeli jest to niezbędne do wypełnienia obowiązków i wykonywania szczególnych praw przez administratora w dziedzinie prawa pracy, o ile jest to dozwolone prawem państwa członkowskiego przy odpowiednim zabezpieczeniu praw podstawowych oraz interesów osoby, której dane dotyczą (art. 9 ust. 2 lit. b RODO).

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